THE CORRELATION BETWEEN STUDENTS’ SKIMMING SKILL AND THEIR READING
ABILITY OF ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT
AT THE ELEVENTH CLASS AT MA AL HIKMAH
BANDAR LAMPUNG IN 2015/2016
ABSRACT
The
purpose of this research is to find out the correlation of skimming reading
ability of analytical exposition text to the eleventh class of MA AL HIKMAH
Bandar Lampung in academic 2015/2016. This research was conducted as a
correlation study by using two variables. The sample of this research were
class XI . The data were collected by using multiple choice tests, and were
analyzed by using product moment formula. Based on the result of this research
showed that rcount > rtable (0,78 > 0,312) by N =
40 at significance level 5%. It means that in this research rcount
was higher than rtable (rcount = 0,78 > rtable = 0,312). From the
statement above the hypothesis was accepted. It means that there is a positive
and significant correlation between students’ skimming skill and their reading
ability of analytical expositiontext at at the eleventh class of MA ALHIKMAH
Bandar Lampung in 2015/2016.
A. INTRODUCTION
1. The Background of Problem
Language
is a tool of communication in our daily lives. Phipps and Gonzalez (2004:2)
state that “ Languages are more than skills, they are the medium through which
communities of people engage with, make sense of and shape the world”. It means
that, language is very important.
In
learning English, students should master language skills and components. There
are language skills, they are: listening, speaking, reading and writing, and
components such as grammar, pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary. On this
occasion the writer will focus only on reading.
Reading
is one of the important skills that students must master. Reading skills needed
by the students to get information and knowledge. Sometimes the students need
more time to comprehend text slowly. It will be problem, when the students
should comprehend text in limited time. In this case, the writer will focus on
skimming skills. The students’ reading ability need to be improved. The writer
found that by using skimming the students can read quickly and efficiently
based on theory. In this case, the writer want to find the correlation between
students’ problem will be answered by this skill if they can improve their
skill of skimming. Based on the background above the writer interest in
searching the correlation between students’ skimming skills and their reading
ability of analytical exposition text. Therefore, the writer will conduct a
research entitled: “The Correlation Between Students’ Skimming Skill And
Their Reading Ability Of Analytical Exposition Text At The Eleventh Class At MA
Al Hikmah Bandar Lampung In 2015/2016”.
Identification
of the problem
The
writer found several problems faced by the students in reading. The problems in
reading skills including :
1. The students’ reading ability of the analytical exposition text need to be
improved.
2. The students find difficulties in comprehending
analytical exposition texts.
3. The students’ skimming skill need to be
improved.
4. The students find difficulties in doing
skimming.
2.The
Limitation Of The Problem
Based on
identification of the problem, the writer focused on “The Correlation Between
The Students’ Skimming Skill And Their Reading Ability Of Analytical Exposition
Text At The Eleventh Class At MA AL HIKMAH Bandar Lampung In 2015/2016”.
The
Formulation Of The Problem
Based on
the identification of problem, the writer formulated the problems of the
reasons as follow: is there any correlation between the students’ skimming
skill and their reading ability of the analytical exposition text?
3. The
Use Of The Research
the uses
of this research as follow:
1. To give information to the English teacher
about the correlation between the students’ skimming skills and their reading
ability in the analytical exposition text.
2. To give information for the students to improve
their skimming skill and their reading ability of analytical exposition text.
3. To give information for the further research
with certain interest.
B. LITERATURE REVIEWS
The Frame
Of Theories, Thinking And Hypothesis
1. The
Concept Of Language
according
to patel and jain (2008:31) “language is used to communicate our thoughts and
ideas. Language is essential for our survival and development as human
being. Language is a result of cultural
experience. Language is also a system of phonetics, grammar and vocabulary”. It
is clear that language is used to communicate our thoughts and ideas as a
result of cultural experience.
Language
is a communicate tool, every tribe or nation has its own language as
characteristic of each culture and as a means of communication between
individuals. We can assume that language indicate culture of every nation in
this world.
2. Teaching English as a foreign language
English
is the foreign language in Indonesia, it means that English as not used as a
communication tool but it is thought for the students from junior high school
until university. Teaching English is more difficult than teaching English as
the second language, because English is not used for communication in daily
activity but only used in the classroom as the subject.
Nuttal
(1996:30) “reading widely is a highly effective means of extending our command
of language, so it has an important place in classroom where language learning
is the central purpose”. It means the teaching and learning English as foreign
language will focus to pass extrance examination.
From the
statement above the writer assumes that teaching English as a foreign language
is still difficult for students because English is not used for communication
in daily activity, but the teacher can help student learn English through
motivate the students is by giving the effective method of teaching.
3. The Concept
of Reading
Reading
is one skill in teaching and learning process, because by reading students’
able get more knowledge and information. Nowdays, the ability to comprehend
English then needed for people and to understanding English, also necessary
able to read many kinds of English text.
Wallace
(2010:4) states that, “Reading as interpreting means reacting to a written text
as a piece of communication; in other word, we assume some communicative intent
on the writer’s part which the reader has some purpose in attempting to
understand.’’
Based on
the statement above the writer assumed that reading is an important thing to
us, because reading is the window of the world and with reading we able get
more knowledge and information.
4. The Concept of Skimming
Skimming
is one of most important things in learning English especially reading skill. According
to Grabe and Frederica (2002:13),”reading to skim is a common part of many
reading tasks and a useful skill in its own right.”
Brown
(2001:308), “skimming give readers the advantage of being able to predict the
purpose of the passage, the main topic, or message, and possibly some of
developing or supporting ideas”.
Base on
the statement above, the writer concluded that skimming skill are able to be
used by the reader for improve reading ability because the reader can get
meaning, main ideas, informations, select message, important word and general
information from written text.
5. The concept of analytical exposition text
An
analytical is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the
listeners or readers that something is the case. To make the persuation
stonger, the speaker or writer gives some arguments as the fundamental reasons
why something is the case. This type of text can be found in scientific books,
journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research
report etc. Analytical expositions are popular among science, academic
community and educated people.
Generic Structure
Of Analytical Exposition Text
1. Thesis : introduces the topic and shows speaker
or writer’s position; outlines of the arguments are presented.
2. Arguments : it consists about point and
elaboration point, states the main argument elaboration, develops and supports
each point of argument.
3. Reiteration : conclusion (restatement),
restates speaker or writer’s position.
Generic Features
Of Analytical Expotition
1. An analytical exposition focuses on generic
human and non human participants.
2. It uses
mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or
feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3. It uses emotive and evaluative words
4. It often needs material processes. It is used
to state what happends,e.g…has polluted…etc.
5. It usually uses simple present tense and
present perfect tense.
6. Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the
list of given arguments: firstly, secondly…, finally, etc.
From the
theories above, the concluded that when someone write analytical exposition
text should pay attention to make some important points as arguments. In
analytical exposition text the information if qualify should be completed and
detailed. The written of analytical exposition text is very important to
collected arguments for the text. So, the readers are interested to read the
text.
The
example of analytical exposition text :
|
Title
|
The
importance of English
|
|
Thesis
|
I
personally think that English the world’s most important language. Why do I
say that?
|
|
Argements
|
Firstly,
English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all around
the world, either as a first or second language.
Secondly,
English is also the key which opens doors to scientific and technical
knowledge, which is needed for the economic and political development of many
countries in the world.
Thirdly,
English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs. Applicants who master
either active or passive English are more favorable than those who do not.
|
|
Reiteration
|
From
the fact above, According to mikuleckly (1998:144) states that “speed is
often important when you are reading. You may have a lot to read but not much
time. For this kind of reading you usually do not want to know and remember
everything
|
Base on
the example about analytical exposition text, the writer have three arguments
as the fundamental reasons why something is the case. The communicative purpose
of analytical exposition text is to convince the reader that the topic is
important to be discussed or attention to the provision of those arguments that
supports the idea of the topic.
Correlation
between students’ skimming skill and their reading ability of analytical
exposition text. Reading
is one of skill in learning and teaching English. Reading has purpose to
understand the meaning and content from text. In reading there are paragraph
and each paragraph has structure that students should able to get main idea or
specific information. If they able to identify main idea or specific
information, the reader will be easy to understand a text.
In
reading text especially analytical exposition text there are some of generic
structure for make paragraph become sequent and a paragraph surely is develop
by main idea also information from every paragraph. So that we should have
understanding or strategy to mastering a text but not read slowly or every
word.
Brown
(2001:308) states that “skimming consist of quickly running one’s eyes across a
whole text (such as an essay, article, or chapter) for it is gits. Skimming
gives readers the advantage of being able to predict the purpose of passage,
the main topic, or message, and possibly some developing or supporting ideas.”
According to Mikuleckly (1998:144) states that
“speed is often important when you are reading. You may have a lot to read but
not much time. For this kind of reading you usually do not want to know and
remember everything”.
From the
statement above, the writer assumed that
skimming and reading have a relationship in English. The students do not read
all of the text by using skimming skill which give the reader easier to understand
but not more time useless.
6. Frame of thinking
This
reason why we should use skill in learning teaching reading because then
improve students’ reading ability also get point from the text can make
students understanding the content of text and students will be enjoy in their
reading without read every word and useless time.
By
skimming students get ideas and topics without reading through the whole text.
The writer assumed that skimming may make students increase reading ability in
getting main idea and topic sentence.
Based on
the states above the wruiter assumed that there are two variables. They are the
independent variable is students’ skimming skill (X), and the dependent
variable is ability in reading analytical exposition text (Y).
The hypothesis
The
hypothesis of this research is: there is a significant correlation between
students’ skimming skill and their ability in reading analytical exposition
text.
C. THE METHOD THE RESEARCH
This
research was correlation research aims to systematically investigated and
explained the nature of the relationship between variables in the real word. In
this research we used descriptive quantitative method to analyzed the data. In
this case, we described the data in numerical form and analyzed through of the
uses of the statistic. Descriptive quantitative research was also used to
describe and to test relationship between vocabulary mastery and tenses mastery
with reading analytical exposition text.
The
population in this research were the students at the second semester the
eleventh class of MA AL HIKMAH in 2015/2016
|
Number
|
Class
|
Gender
|
Total
of students
|
|
|
Male
|
Female
|
|||
|
1
|
XI IPA
|
8
|
25
|
33
|
|
2
|
XI
AGAMA
|
12
|
20
|
32
|
|
3
|
XI IPS
|
14
|
17
|
31
|
|
Total
|
34
|
62
|
96
|
|
Source :
MA AL HIKMAH
Winarno
surakhman states, if the population is less than a hundred, we can take 50% of
the population as the sample. But, if the population more than thousand, we can
15% or more as the sample. We only took two classes from three classes, that is
consisted of 40 students as the sample of this research. In taking sample, we
used stratified proportional random sampling technique because the population
was heterogeneous. As explained by Arikunto (2010:162) stratified proportional
random sampling technique means that the sample will be taken randomly based on
the population of each level in the population.
The Validity
Of The Test
A good
was the test that had validity. It means that the test used the measure what
was expected accurately. To ensure the validity of the test will be design
based on the current curriculum and the theories of learning and teaching as a
foreign language.
The Reliability
Of The Test
The
reliability of the test means that test defined where the condition of the test
shows the similar result. To know the reliability of the test, we used
splithalf technique with the following steps:
1.
Try out
test items to students out of the sample
2.
Devide
the test into odd and event
3.
Use a
product moment formula as follow :
rxy = 
notes :
rxy : the coefficient correlation between x (odd items)
and y (even item)
XY :
the total number of X dan Y
X :
the total number of X score (odd items)
Y :
the total number of Y score (even item)
X2 :
the sum square of varieable X
Y2 :
the sum square of varieable Y
n :
the total number of sample
(Arikunto,
2010:213)
To find
out reliability of the test we used Spearman Brown formula. The result of the
product moment formula analyzed by using the Spearman Brown formula as follow :
rgg = 2(rxy)
1+ rxy
Notes : rgg
: the full coefficient realiability of the test
rxy : the coefficient between x
and y
(Arikunto,2010:145)
From that
result with criterion as follow :
|
0,800-1,000
|
Very
high reliability
|
|
0,600-0,800
|
High
reliability
|
|
0,400-0,600
|
Fair
reliability
|
|
0,200-0,400
|
Low
reliability
|
|
0,000-0,200
|
Very
low reliability
|
The Research
Procedure
In
conducting the research, there are some steps, those steps are follows :
1. Determining the subject of the research, that
was the students at the second semester of the eleventh class of MA AL HIKMAH
Bandar Lampung.
2. Determining the sample of the research by using
stratified propotional random sampling technique.
3. Arranging the test items about the students’
skimming skill and their reading ability as the students’ material which had
been learnt by the students based on the curriculum.
4. Giving the test items to 20 students out of the
sample to know the reliability of the test.
5. Calculating the reliability of the test
6. Giving the test item at the end of the research
to know the correlation between students’ skimming skill and their reading
ability.
7. Calculating the result of the test to know the
level of correlation between students’ skimming skill and their reading
ability.
8. Making conclusion and report the research.
To find the invariant frequency distribution of skimming skill, we
used the following formula :
I = NT-NR
K
Explanation : I : interval class
NT : the highest score
NR : the lowest score
K : criteria
Based on the previous calculating using product moment formula, it
was got r count = 0,78 that is between 0,600-0,800 which showed high
correlation between students’ skimming skill and their reading ability of
analytical exposition text was high correlation.
D. Discussion
Skimming
is one of strategy which can be used to improve reading ability expecialy in
learning class. The strategy can help students to look for information from a
text and it is supported Brown(2001:308) says that skimming gives readers the
advantage of being able to pradict the perpose of the passage, the main toic or
massage, and possibly some of developing or supporting ideas.
E. Conclusion & Suggestion
Conclution
The
result of this research showed that rcount > rtable (0,78>0,312)
by N=40 at significance level 0,05%. It means that in this research rcount
was higher than rtable
(rcount = 0,78 > rtable = 0,312)
from the statement above the hypothesis was accepted. It means that there is a
positive and significant correlation between students’ skimming skill and their
reading ability of analytical exposition text at the eleventh class at MA Al Hikmah
Bandar Lampung 2015/2016
Suggestion
Base on the conclusion above, we tried to make suggestion as follow :
Base on the conclusion above, we tried to make suggestion as follow :
1. The students are suggested to pay more
attention to the teacher, when the teacher is explaining the material, it is
good if the students do not chat with their friends and do not to activities
which have no relation to the subject.
2. The students are suggested to be active in the
class, when the teacher asks them to come forward, to ask, they do it
confidently.
3. The students are suggested to practice
intensively in order to improve their English better.
REFERENCES
Arikunto, S. (2010). Prosedur Penelitian Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta:
PT Rineka Cipta.
Brown, H. Douglas. (2001). Teaching By Principle An Interative
Approach To Language Pedagogy. New York: Longman.
Grabe , W., Stoller, F.I.
(2002). Teaching And Researching Reading. Hongkong: Person Education.
Mikulekly, Beatrice. S. & Jeffries, Linda. (1998). Reading Power.Reading
For Pleasure Comprehension Skill, Thingkingskill, Raeding Faster. (Secondedition).
By Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Nuttal, C. (1996). Teaching Reading Skills In Foreign Language. Red
Educational & Roffesional.
Patel, M.F. And Jain, Praveen M. (2008). English Language
Teacing (Method, Tools & Techniques). Jaipur: Sunrise Publishers &
Distributors.
Phips, A. And Gonzalez, M. (2004). Modern Languages. Thousand
Oaks. London.
Sudjana. (1996). Metode
Statistika. Bandung: Tarsito.
Wallace, Catherine. (2010). Language Teaching Reading. New York: Oxforduniversity Press.
THE
CORRELATION BETWEEN STUDENTS’ SKIMMING SKILL AND THEIR READING ABILITY OF
ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT
AT THE
ELEVENTH CLASS AT MA AL HIKMAH
BANDAR
LAMPUNG IN 2015/2016
(A Paper)
By
EKA APRIANI
ASNAWATI
131220025
Submitted
to the English Department
As
a Partial fulfillment of Requirements
For
S-1 Degree Examination
SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
PERSATUAN GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA
BANDAR LAMPUNG
2016
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