CHAPTER II
THE FRAMES OF THEORY, THINKING AND
HYTPOTHESIS
2.1. Teaching English as a Foreign Language
Language is more
than a system communication, it involves whole person. Culture, development
communicative process, it is a means that language is very important for
communication in community (Brown.1994:70)
Based on the
statement above, it is clear that language is a meant of communication human
being uses language to express idea, feeling and to there expectation
interaction to other , language is organizing grammatical sound made or
organizing speech that has meaning and it used to communication to other
people.
Like many other
language, English is needed very much by people all over the world. People use
it as a tool of communication in some countries in the world. English become
the international language that is used in communication. Thus, the people need
to understand it and be able to speak by using the language. People can access
knowledge, science, technology, culture, etc. by using English and can get much
information which can make them to easy get a job. Besides that, it is also
very important for people who come from different countries to use it so that
they can communication and interact each other because they will not understand
one another if they do not understand English.
Not every
country uses English the same. Some countries take English as their first
language, some other it as the second language, and in others English may
function as the target language.
First language
countries are the language which is gotten by peoples as they were born. They
use it for communication every day. Second language is the language that is
gotten by people when they have known their first language. And sometime use it
to communicate. While foreign language is the language which is not used by
people in communication every day. But it is learnt and taught in the school.
Like in Indonesia
English
functions as the foreign language. It has been taught to many elementary school
and all universities .even it is taught as the compulsory subject to student at
junior high school, senior high school, and university.
Like many other
language, English is needed very much by people all over the world. People use
it as a tool of communication in some countries in the world. English become
the international language that is used in communication. Thus, the people need
to understand it and be able to speak by using the language. People can access
knowledge, science, technology, culture, etc. by using English, and can get
much information which can make them to
easily get a job. Besides that, it is also very important for people who come
from different countries to use it so that they can communicate and interact
each other because they will not understand one another if they do not
understand English.
Not every
country uses English the same. Same countries take English as their first
language, some other takes it as the second language, and it others English may
function as the foreign or target language.
First language
is “language which is gotten by people as they were born. They use it for
communicate every day. Second language is the language that is gotten by people
when they have known their first language, and sometimes use it to communicate.
While foreign language is the language which neither is nor used by people
communication every day, but it is learnt and taught in the school. Like in Indonesia .
English function
as the first foreign language it has been taught to many elementary school and
all universities. Even it is taught as the compulsory subject to student at
junior high school, senior high school and university. Those school and
university are hoped so that they can product skillful graduated who have
ability and write in English. Especially student at junior and senior high
school are targeted to achieve standard of competence determined in the
national curriculum.
Besides having
to understand English, the students should also understand the English culture,
all this is important because we learn English in other to access information
of high technology and knowledge coming from English countries, which clearly
contains their culture values.
Cameron (2001:
12) states” in foreign language teaching, there is an onus on the teacher to
provide exposure to the language and provide opportunities for learn though
class room activities. Many advantages are claimed for staring to learn a
foreign language. The writer thinks that because of foreign language teaching
is responsibility of the teacher and it has many advantages so it should be
taught early in the school in order that the students can speak English after
they learn it.
In
addition, Cameron (2002:8)”language is the most important tool for cognitive
growth and it has investigated how adult use language to moderate the world for
children and help them to do solve the problems”. This mean that the writer
assumes that talk support students carrying out an activity and they can
support each other.
2.2 The Concept of Paragraph
Oshuma and
Hogue(1985:3) state that a paragraph is a unit of organization in the writing
in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea. Mc Whorter
(1986:71) also supports that a paragraph is a group one of related sentence
which tells about the single topic.
A paragraph has
a unity if it is controlled by one main idea which is expire sad in the topic
sentence. The topic sentence focuses on only one topic, while the other
sentence in the paragraph serve as the supporting ideas to express the detail
information related to topic sentence
Coherence in a
paragraph is achieved when all sentence in the paragraph show clear
relationships among them. One way of establishing a coherent paragraph is by
using transitional markers
Based on the
questions above, the writer summarizes that a paragraph is a group of sentence
which develops one topic or main idea and as the basic unit organizing in
writing. A paragraph consists of a topic sentence, supporting sentence and
concluding sentence, a paragraph good paragraph has a unity and coherence
element
Coffecy (1990:3)
Say that paragraph is a group of sentences that clearly and concisely expressed
one basic main idea, the paragraph can be complete it self or it can part of
essay or research report.
Paragraph has
three structural parts:
- A paragraph begins with general sentence that introduces the topic, these sentences called as a topic sentence, and it contains the main idea in a paragraph. The topic sentence tells the readers what the paragraph is going to be about.
- The topic sentence contain word that need to be explained, described and in the paragraph. These word are called controlling ideas because they control the information that is given in the paragraph.
- concluding sentences means that the sentences that ends the paragraph (Reid,1994:55).
2.3
The Concept
of Main Idea
Hancock (1987:54)
defined that the main idea is the essence of the paragraph, or rather what the
author is trying to get across to the reader. In other word, the main idea is
the important idea that the author develop through out the paragraph. Then, the
function of the entire paragraph is to explain develop and support the main
idea.
According to
Doyle (2004) the main idea of a paragraph answers the question:
What is the main
idea point or points the author is expressing about the topic? The main idea of
a passage or reading is the central thought or message. It refers to the point
or thought being expressed. Main idea must be backed up, supported restated or
reinforced the rest of the paragraph is a group of related sentences which
tells about the single topic. It can be sum up that if the participants want
comprehend a paragraph, they should get the idea of the paragraph.
Most of the
times the authors choose to hint the main idea. It means that usually in a text,
the main idea is implicitly stated that’s perhaps why the participants find it
difficult for them to identify the main idea.
According to
Mewhorter (1986:36) a sentence which states the main idea is called the topic
sentence. She adds that the topic sentence tells what the rest of the paragraph
is about topic sentence is a statement found in a paragraph which states the
topic and the main idea of the paragraph. In reading, this term is synonymous
with a stated main idea sentence or stated main idea sentence guides on
controls what can expressed in the paragraph. It states two pieces information.
Main idea may be
anywhere in the paragraph, but are typically found in the following locations.
1. First Sentence
The author
states main idea at the beginning of the paragraph. For example:
Some people
try to forcibly keep their loved ones from using drugs. They hide bottles
or pour their contents down the drain; they search out the pills and flues them
away; they try to keep their loved ones away from the people or places that
offer temptation. Others try to go along with what the drug abuser want to keep
him or her happy. They make every effort to prevent their loved ones from
getting upset, so that he/she will not have an excuse to get high.
2. Last Sentence
The author
builds up the main idea and states in a sentence at the very end
For example:
Long-term users
of cocaine can develop chronic sore throats, inflamed sinuses and, sometimes,
holes in cartilage of their noses. Cocaine can trigger heart attacks and worsen
pre-existing heart problem. Currents research also points toward the
possibility that high doses of cocaine cause permanent brain damage. So,
whether you snort it, swallow it, inject it, or smoke it, cocaine is physically
debilitating.
3. Middle of Paragraph
The author
states it in the middle of the paragraph.
For example:
There are deer
in abundance here. The whole area is a great country for hunters and
fisherman. There are bears, occasional mountain lions, and coyotes. To the
east there are streams fall of trout, and there are ducks, geese and a few
peasants.
2.4 The Concept of Reading Ability
Talking about
the concept of reading, it is just like talking about the concept of a word in
the sense of meaning. There will be no single concept that is suitable to be
applied in every occasion. It means that a concept that is suitable for one
case might not be suitable for another case.
Reading English
text is important for us because by reading English text students can get
knowledge and information that might be useful for them, but is not easy to be
a good reader, moreover if the English text is complicated. The students need
more understanding about the main ideas of the reading text.
Harmer
(2001:204) States that extensive reading is especially where students are
reading material written specially their level, has number of benefits for the
development of students’ language
From the
explanation about: it is clear that at school, reading is very important in
learning English, the activity of studying will be meaningful and the
enjoyable. By reading the learner will be stimulated to get more competence in
learning reading ability. It also has function reach a goal in students
learning,
Brown (2001:306)
stated that the love of reading has propelled many a learner to successful
acquisition of reading skill. Based on the statement above the “love” of
reading is the powerful motivation to read a book, so a person is keen on the
reading can be cusses to master the reading skill
Rohim in his
book stated that: Reading
can stimulate the imagination, with reading, you select the cast. Set the
stage, and direct the action. As Dr. Bruno Battelhelm observed, (in Rohim) television
captures the imagination but does not liberate it. A good book at once
stimulates and fries the mind”. Reading
also develops verbal skill. Reading
requires and develop verbal skills; it is inextricably linked with speech and
writing”. (Rohim, 2005: 1)
It is clear that
reading is very important in language learning. Reading car stimulates the
imagination, so, she students will create more knowledge by reading. Reading
also develop verbal skill by reading student can identify can of verbal phrases
sentence and main idea.
There are some
techniques that need to be applied by the reader while they reed such as
skimming and scanning. Those are useful skills in reading. Nuttal (1982:34)
mentions that idea of ignoring or skimming some word in a text seem strange for
the reader who accustomed to plodding
word by word; but the skimming
and scanning techniques require this.
1.
Scanning
Brown (2001:308)
Stated that scanning is quickly searching for some particular piece or pieces
of information in a text. Scanning exercises may ask students to lock for names
or dates, to find a definition of a key concept, or to list a certain number of
supporting details. It means scanning is very useful in finding specific
information from a reading text or from an article quickly. For example:
the want to know about the phone number of
someone, the reader just search the name from the phone numbers book by looking
the firs alphabet and the reader will get the information about it quickly
without look for the name one by one.
Nuttal 1982:34)
defines scanning as glancing rapidly through a text either to search for specific
information or to get an initial impression of whether the text is for a given
purpose.
2.
Skimming
Brown (2001:308) stated
skimming gives the advantage of being able to predict, the purpose of the
passage, the main topic, or message, and possibly some of the developing or
supporting ideas, It means that for this kind of reading the reader usually do
not want to know and remember everything, the important thing is the reader can
get the purpose, man topic or message of the text.
Nuttal (1982:34)
states that skimming means glancing rapidly through a text to determine its
gist. By learning to skim, the students may develop the skill in strengthening
the comprehension of main idea.
It can be
concluded that reading techniques especially skimming is needed in finding out
the main idea.
2.5 The Correlation between Getting Main Idea
of Paragraph and Their Reading Ability
Christine Nuttal
said that understanding the structure of the whole text may contribute to an
understanding on individual of it, just as understanding, what a paragraph says
Are something
useful in understanding one of its sentences. But more importantly tracing the
structure of the text will usually result in clearer understanding of its
overall message (Christine Nuttal, 1981:110)
From the
statements above, the writer assumes that structure is important we can
understand about the sentence and to get or find out main idea in a paragraph
essential: which means that the reader can construct the message from the reading
or written material it self.
http://applij.oxfordjournals.
Org/ogi/content/abstract/12/2/15
Wallace state
that each of these situation reveals a different view of the reading process on
the teacher’s part, in Wallace book Mrs. Charles say that” take a view of
learning to read us a set of skills being able to pronounce and discriminate
between particular sound is considered to be prerequisite of reading” (Wallace
1992:6)
Based on the
statement above, teachers will give more change to the students to read.
Because when the students read not only improve reading skill but also learn
about knowledge. Although the focus on teacher reading that teacher burials
student’ reading skills.
2.6 Frame of Thinking
As we know that
language is foreign language in Indonesia that has been learnt by all students.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
teaching English as a foreign language TEFL or teaching English as foreign
language refers to teaching English to student whose firs language is not
language. It mean that English is not used for communication in daily activity,
but now English is compulsory subject which is taught from elementary school up
to university. To master English the students should master four skill, they
are reading, speaking, listening and writing because it is important to the
student to improve their language in English, the aim of the teaching learning
process in English , are able to use English actively are efficient.
Mikulecky and
Jeffries (2004: VI) stated that reading is one important to improve your
general language skills in English. Based on the statement above it meant by
reading we can increase the other skill especially in English to other skill
speaking, listening and writing. So in teaching learning process the English
teacher must be taught with appropriate method and technique, especially
teaching reading.
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework
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Independent Variable Dependent Variable
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2.7
The
Hypothesis
The hypothesis
of research is:
- The students’ in getting main idea is fair
- The students’ reading ability is fair
- There is positive correlation between students’ ability in getting main idea of paragraph and there reading ability.
- There is significant correlation between students’ ability in getting main idea of paragraph and there reading ability.
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